Jurnal Ilmiah Rekayasa Pertanian dan Biosistem

Study of Corn and Mocaf as Raw Materials for Artificial Rice Using a Single Screw Extruder

2024-09-30T17:01:00+07:00

People's dependence on rice is currently very high and this need must be met by imports, so that the need for imports is certain to increase from time to time, both in terms of quantity and purchase price. Indonesia is currently ranked 63rd out of 113 countries in terms of food security, The Increasing consumption of rice is also one of the causes of the increase in the number of diabetes sufferers, considering that rice is a product with a high GI value. One solution that can be done is to replace rice with artificial rice made from cheap local ingredients with a low GI value. One of them is corn which is a leading local commodity. Politeknik Negeri Jember has conducted research on the ideal formulation of artificial rice, namely using 50% corn and 50% mocaf and has optimized the artificial rice making tool, namely a single screw extruder. The aim of this research is to produce a method for making artificial rice with low GI, economical and affordable using local corn and mocaf fermented with L. plantarum 15420 bacteria and produced using a single screw extruder and studying the chemical and physical aspects of artificial rice. The resulting artificial rice has an ash content of 0.52%, , amylose conten of 13.11%, amylopectin conten of 30.28% (with a ratio of 31:68), protein conten of11.2%, Ca conten of 0.04%, fat conten 0.5%, water conten of 11.3% and resistant starch conten of 6.4%. The GI value of artificial rice is 51.2. Regarding the feasibility study, the R/C ratio value was 1.31. The price of the artificial rice Polije produces is affordable for the entire community at Rp. 37,500,- per package (2.5 kg) which is more economical compared to IR64 rice.

Comparison of Empirical Methods to Estimated Reference Evapotranspiration

2024-09-30T17:03:08+07:00

Evapotranspiration plays an important role in agricultural water management and crop modelling. Estimating reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) using meteorological variables, both theoretical and empirical methods, is highly recommended considering the availability of weather data in several locations. The estimation method recommended as the standard method is FAO Penman Monteith (FAOPM), but due to the limited meteorological data in a region and the difficulty and complexity of FAOPM, it is recommended to use the empirical method which is easier and only requires a few simple meteorological variables. The aim of this research is to compare and evaluated empirical methods for estimating ETo against the FAOPM. The statistical analysis using in this research are RSME, MAE, coefficient Correlation, NSE, Average bias, index of agreement, and confidence index (c). Evaluation for the best models based on statistic analyzed shows that several empirical methods show terrible performance in estimating the monthly average ETo (mm/day), which are Thornthwaite-Mather, Hargraves-Samani, Makkink, Hamon, Romaneko, and Kharauffa. Modified Blaney-Criddle method showed a good performance method, while PM_AWS showed very good performance The Turc and Hansen method showed excellent performance with RMSE, MAE, NSE, and C values for the Turc method, are 0.12, 0.11, 0.78, 0.92 respectively, and for the Hansen method are 0.12, 0.1, 0.8, and 0.89 respectively.

Effects of temperature and frequency of use of coconut oil (Cocos nucifera L.) on the physicochemical properties of french fries

2024-09-30T17:01:31+07:00

Frying oil is commonly used to fry food, especially in deep-fat frying methods at atmospheric pressure. Variations in fried food results are caused by various factors, including the type of food, type of frying oil, frying duration, frying oil temperature, and frying frequency. This study aims to investigate the effect of variations in temperature and frying frequency on the quality of French fries fried using self-produced coconut oil. Coconut oil was made from coconut milk that was pretreated by storing the coconut milk at a cold temperature before processing. Potatoes were fried at temperatures of 140 °C, 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C, with the frequency process repeated 9 times with consecutive frying. Observations of water content, texture, and color of the French fries were evaluated at the end of the 3^rd, 5^th, 7^th, and 9^th frying for each frying temperature. The results showed that the temperature treatment at each frying frequency had no significant effect and the higher the temperature, the lower the water content. The higher the temperature, the higher the texture value (0.3467 kgf - 0.8067 kgf), and the greatest color change occurred at a temperature of 200 °C. Based on the research results, it is recommended to fry potatoes at a maximum temperature of 180 °C and with a frying frequency of no more than 9 times to obtain a good quality, crispy, and safe-to-eat French fries product.

Effect of Cold Plasma Treatment on Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) Storage Period

2024-09-30T17:02:21+07:00

Cayenne pepper is a perishable product. One of the damages that can cause spoilage in cayenne pepper is microorganisms. This study examines the quality change of cayenne pepper during storage. The research design employed in this study was a complete factorial randomized design with two factors: voltage levels, comprising 8,00, 9,20, and 10,40 kV, and treatment times of 20, 40, and 60 seconds. Cold plasma effectively reduced microorganisms and did not significantly affect weight loss and color value during storage. Plasma voltage levels significantly influenced hardness, total dissolved solids, and vitamin C content. The treatment with cold plasma at 9,20 kV for 40 seconds was considered the most effective in preserving chili quality. Cold plasma reduced weight loss and maintained chili color, hardness, total dissolved solids, and vitamin C content. The total plate count of cayenne pepper with cold plasma at 9,20 kV for 40 seconds is 6,55 x 10⁵ colony/g. Cold plasma extended the shelf life of cayenne pepper for up to 12 days.

Enabling Precision Agriculture through a Web-Based Fertilization Management System for Nawungan Selopamioro Fruit Orchards

2024-09-30T17:03:40+07:00

Precision Agriculture (PA) is an integrated farming system based on information and technology for managing agriculture to identify, analyze, and manage spatial and temporal diversity information in specific locations to obtain optimum and sustainable benefits while minimizing unwanted environmental impacts. Fertilization is one of the crucial phases in agricultural production process considering technical cultivation aspects, costs, and environmental impacts. The current fertilization process at Kebun Buah Nawungan Selopamioro (KBNS) is still conventional, so there is no standard rule in determining the fertilization dose. Therefore, a PA approach is needed to provide suitable fertilizer doses for agricultural production needs. This objective of this study was to develop of a web-based fertilizer management system, integrating with orchard management to enhance accessibility and decision-making. The system calculates fertilizer requirements by analyzing soil nutrient availability (N, P, K), cultivation area, crop type and age, and available fertilizer types. The development followed the waterfall methodology, encompassing stages from requirement analysis to system maintenance. The outcome is a web application that manages land assets, administrative activities, and fertilizer needs tailored to specific land blocks, crop characteristics, and nutrient inventories. Subsequent validation against field conditions ensures the accuracy of its recommendations. Although comprehensive testing confirmed a 100% success rate in functionality, the system currently operates within a limited scope of variables. Future enhancements are planned to incorporate broader agronomic factors, such as soil pH and texture, to augment the system's precision. Despite its limitations, this system represents a significant technological advance in precision agriculture, promising to improve fertilizer application efficiency and support sustainable farming practices.

Pot Skirt Configuration on the UB-03 Biomass Stove: Taguchi Approach Optimization

2024-09-30T17:02:36+07:00

A biomass stove is a technology that can utilize biomass fuel as an alternative energy source. This stove is considered effective for saving fossil energy because it uses fuels such as wood, waste, and plants so that it can reduce the effects of global warming because it can minimize the emissions it produces. In its technological development, UB-03 is a biomass stove product with compact construction and affordable prices for rural communities. However, there needs to be an increase to produce more efficient performance. In this case, additional configurations in the form of a pot skirt can be used to increase the efficiency of the biomass stove. The pot skirt is a device that focuses the fire’s direction on the load to minimize wasted heat and increase the efficiency of the biomass stove. This study used the Water Boiling Test (WBT) method for experimental testing. In addition, the Taguchi method was used to analyze the data obtained. This study aims to determine the optimum conditions of the biomass stove with the addition of a pot skirt using the Taguchi method with orthogonal array L9 (33) with three factors, namely angle (64°, 65°, 66°), number of holes (9,10,11) and hole diameter (0.8 cm, 1 cm, 1.2 cm). The results of this study indicate that the optimal configuration obtained is by adding a pot skirt at an angle of 65° with 9 holes and a hole diameter of 1 cm, where the highest efficiency value is obtained, namely 21.19%.

Theoretical Study of Thermal Characteristics of Energy Crop Biomass Combustion Under Various Air Conditions in an Adiabatic Furnace

2024-09-30T17:02:05+07:00

Combustion is an energy conversion method involving the reaction of fuel and oxygen to generate heat. Coal remains predominant in Indonesia’s energy mix, contributing to over 50% of global CO₂ emissions. Efforts to reduce these emissions include using renewable energy sources like biomass, with current potential in energy crop biomass such as gamal and sengon wood. However, the thermal characteristics of burning gamal and sengon wood have not been extensively studied. This paper discusses the theoretical thermal characteristics of gamal and sengon wood combustion through numerical simulation using a combustion equilibrium model in an adiabatic furnace under stoichiometric, excess air, and excess fuel conditions. Thermodynamic calculations will be validated against experimental data. The simulation results show that the thermal characteristics of gamal combustion are superior to those of sengon. Adjustments in air supply can impact combustion quality, where excess air is often necessary to mitigate environmental factors disrupting theoretical stoichiometric combustion. Optimal combustion conditions are achieved at equivalence ratios of 1.3 for gamal and sengon. Validation using Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) indicates low error values (8,55%) affirming the model’s ability to predict thermal characteristics accurately.

Design of Temperature Control System at Torrefaction Reactor using Microcontroller

2024-09-30T17:01:16+07:00

The increasing demand for energy causes a decrease in the availability of fossil fuels. Biomass from oil palm waste, namely empty oil palm bunches, can be used as an alternative fuel. The torrefaction process converts biomass into environmentally friendly biopellets with high added value. In this study, the calibration of the K-type thermocouple sensor was carried out using Arduino Uno and testing of the automatic pellet torrefaction tool from empty palm oil bunches. This study aims to develop an automatic control system for the pellet torrefaction tool. The design of the automatic torrefaction tool uses a microcontroller with a gas stove energy source. The dimensions of the support frame are the torrefaction tube (24 cm x 28 cm), the servo motor frame (15 cm x 9.5 cm) and the dynamo support frame (26 cm x 6.5 cm). The tool box is square (50 cm x 50 cm). The torrefaction tube has a volume of 2,826 cm³, a diameter of 15 cm and a height of 16 cm. The results showed that the system successfully reached a temperature of 300°C for 30 minutes from the initial temperature. The temperature accuracy test produced an average value of 92.12%. The stability of temperature control also proved to be quite good in achieving the specified setting point. The water content of torrefaction pellets at a temperature of 150-300°C was around 1-2%. The hydrophobicity of torrefaction pellets at a temperature of 250-300°C after being soaked for 24 hours had a clearer color and remained intact.

Quick Count of Different Orange Cultivar on Trees based on Smartphone Image and Artificial Intelligent

2024-09-30T17:03:24+07:00

Currently, predictions of orange fruit yield in an orchard are still done manually, namely by sampling manually to count the number of oranges on the tree. This method is not effective and the accuracy of predictions cannot be guaranteed. Automation in the process of counting citrus fruit on trees to predict yield can be done with computer vision using artificial intelligence models for object detection. One of the proposed model solutions that can be used for object detection is by using You Only Look Once (YOLO) architecture. However, the performance of the YOLO model for different varieties of orange trees in Indonesia is not yet known. Therefore, in this research, the development of the YOLOv5 model was carried out to quickly count orange fruit on trees of different varieties including the stages of image capture, image resizing, segmentation, model training with hyperparameters such as batch size and epoch, as well as model evaluation. In this study, the primary image dataset taken consisted of images of orange trees with two different cultivars, namely Pontianak Siamese oranges and Terigas Tangerines which have different characteristics. Then the YOLOv5 model is trained using labeled image data. The YOLOv5 model is trained with variations of hyperparameters and then the results are compared. The best model results in Siam Pontianak have a single label configuration in batch size 4 with parameters Mean Average Precision (mAP50), accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score which produces a value of 0.88; 0.712; 0.853; 0.822; and 0.8372. Meanwhile, the best model results in Keprok Terigas have a single label configuration in batch size 10 with parameters Mean Average Precision (mAP50), accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score which produces a value of 0.933; 0.75; 0.913; 0.878; and 0.8951.

Precision Fertigation Control System Based on Fuzzy Logic for Hydroponic Plant Cultivation

2024-09-30T17:02:51+07:00

The fertigation control system has been extensively developed, particularly for hydroponic plant cultivation. However, existing studies often overlook the characteristics of the interaction between the environment and plants. Evapotranspiration and the moisture status of the growing medium are two critical parameters in determining the volume of fertigation. As a control system, fuzzy logic can manage fertigation based on these two parameters. This study aims to deliver water and nutrients to plants more effectively and efficiently, aligning with current environmental conditions and plant needs. The research was conducted through several stages: defining design criteria, creating a fuzzy logic design, simulating the fuzzy logic-based fertigation control system, and testing the system. Simulation results indicate that when the moisture content of the growing medium is between 26% and 31%, the fertigation duration varies according to evapotranspiration values. When the moisture content exceeds 32%, fertigation does not occur regardless of evapotranspiration values. Testing results demonstrate that the fuzzy logic used in this control system is efficient in delivering fertigation, as evidenced by minimal runoff compared to systems without control. Additionally, the moisture status of the growing medium consistently remains within the available water zone or at the optimum condition for plant water absorption, with a mean absolute percentage error of 1.98%. The designed fuzzy logic control system is also effective in providing fertigation, with the total volume ranging from 132 to 308.4 ml/day, closely matching the daily evapotranspiration rate. Based on plant physiological measurements, the fuzzy logic control system outperforms fertigation without control.

Nanoemulsion Synthesis of Javanese Long Pepper Extract (Piper retrofractum Vahl): Study of VCO:Tween 80 Ratio and Homogenisation Time

2024-09-30T17:00:44+07:00

Piperine obtained from Javanese long pepper extract is an essential compound, but it has the disadvantage of being insoluble in water, so its bioavailability is low. One of the efforts that can be made to overcome this is by changing the size to nano, such as making nanoemulsion preparations. The study aims to determine the effect of VCO:Tween 80 ratio and homogenization time on nanoemulsion characteristics of Javanese long pepper extract. The research method utilized a completely randomized design by treating VCO:Tween 80 ratio and homogenization time. The research parameters included an organoleptic, percent transmittance, pH, viscosity, piperine content, particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. This research resulted in a percent transmittance value of 97.05-99.55%, pH 4.89-5.56, viscosity 0.35-0.76 cP, piperine content 6.29-12.25%, particle size 41.482 nm and 266.62 nm, polydispersity index 0.7446 and 0.4358, zeta potential -4.443 mV, and -2.166 mV. The study is expected to be a reference in utilizing piperine content to benefit spices and medicines.

Comprehensive Approach to Land Suitability for Wetland Paddy Cultivation in Paser Regency, East Kalimantan Province

2024-09-30T17:01:48+07:00

This study aimed to present a comprehensive evaluation of land suitability for wetland paddy cultivation in Paser Regency, East Kalimantan Province using the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) process and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. The ten factors determining land suitability selected were soil texture, soil depth, soil drainage, soil type, rainfall, temperature, slope, distance from roads, distance from rivers and land use. The factor weights were considered the same, for the suitability analysis of the use of rice development in the study area. Then, after carrying out a weighted sum analysis, Paser Regency was qualitatively categorized as very suitable, quite suitable, marginally suitable, not currently suitable for rice land development with values of 20, 39, 28, 13% respectively. Meanwhile, taking into account land use, the very suitable category was 20% and quite suitable was reduced to 33% of the total research area. Based on the available land, the opportunity for developing rice plantations in Paser Regency was relatively large. The study revealed that the SAW approach technique was acceptable for identifying appropriate land for rice development in the study area.

Soil erosion prediction Mapping in the Argopura Breccia Lithological Formation on the Slopes of Mount Argopura Using a Survey Approach Using USLE and GIS Methods

2024-09-30T17:03:54+07:00

Soil erosion is the loss of land or part of the land from one place to another due to water and wind factors. Land use on the slopes of Mount Argopura has been partly converted to seasonal crops and plantation crops, especially sugar cane. There have been changes, such as in the rainy season, when water flowing into the downstream areas is murky, carrying thick mud. This condition indicates that soil erosion is occurring. The aim of the research is to assess and predict the hazard level of soil erosion in mountainous area of Argopura with the lithology of the Argopura breccia by using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) method and geographic information systems (GIS). The results showed that the mountainous area of Argopura is mostly covered by the heavy category area, with soil loss of 180–480 tons/ha/year and an area distribution reaching 1,502.49 ha (37.59%). The distribution in the heavy category was found in land use type of moorland and paddy fields, both irrigated and rainfed. The potential for soil erosion in the very heavy category with a soil loss rate of >480 tons/ha/year covers an area of 508.52 ha (12.72%). The very heavy category is partly due to the use of jungle land and steep slopes, so cultivation carried out on this land needs to be replaced with plant conservation, which can reduce soil erosion.